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Diabetes mellitus type 2 (also known as type 2 diabetes) is a long-term metabolic disorder that is characterized by high blood sugar, insulin resistance and relative lack of insulin. Common symptoms include increased thirst, frequent urination and unexplained weight loss, increased hunger, feeling tired, and sores that do not heal. Long-term complications from high blood sugar include heart disease, stroke (paralysis), diabetic retinopathy which can result in blindness, kidney failure and poor blood flow in the limbs which may lead to amputations. The sudden onset of hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state may occur.

Type 2 diabetes primarily occurs as a result of obesity and lack of exercise. Some people are more genetically at risk than others. Type 2 diabetes makes up about 90% of cases of diabetes, with the other 10% due primarily to Type 1 diabetes mellitus and Gestational diabetes mellitus

Type 2 diabetes is partly preventable by staying a normal weight, exercising regularly, and eating properly. Treatment involves exercise, dietary changes and medication.

Type 1 diabetes in children is a condition in which your child's body no longer produces an important hormone called insulin. Your child needs insulin to survive, so you'll have to replace the missing insulin. Type 1 diabetes in children used to be known as juvenile diabetes or insulin-dependent diabetes.

The signs and symptoms of type 1 diabetes in children usually develop quickly, over a period of weeks. These signs and symptoms include Increased thirst and frequent urination, Extreme hunger, Weight loss, Fatigue, Irritability or behavior changes, Fruity-smelling breath, Blurred vision and Yeast or fungus infection. Girls with type 1 diabetes may have a genital yeast infections.

Kids and teens with type 1 diabetes depend on daily insulin injections or an insulin pump to control their blood glucose levels.

When to see a doctor
See your child's doctor if you notice any of the signs or symptoms of type 1 diabetes.

Diabetes is a disease in which your blood glucose or blood sugar levels are too high. Gestational diabetes Mellitus is diabetes that happens for the first time when a woman is pregnant. Most of the time, it goes away after you have your baby. But it does increase your risk for developing type 2 diabetes later on. Your child is also at risk for obesity and type 2 diabetes. When you are pregnant, high blood sugar levels are not good for your baby.

If you already have diabetes, the best time to control your blood sugar is before you get pregnant. High blood sugar levels can be harmful to your baby during the first weeks of pregnancy - even before you know you are pregnant. To keep you and your baby healthy, it is important to keep your blood sugar as close to normal as possible before and during pregnancy.Most women get a test to check for diabetes during their second trimester of pregnancy. Women at higher risk may get a test earlier.

Unplanned pregnancy:
If you have diabetes and think you might be pregnant, see your doctor as soon as you can.

Planned pregnancy:
Visit your doctor or diabetes educator at least 6 months before you start trying to fall pregnant, if you can. You will be given advice and guidance on controlling your blood sugars as tightly as possible.

The complications of diabetes mellitus are far less common and less severe in people who have well-controlled blood sugar levels. Acute complications include hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia, diabetic coma and nonketotic hyperosmolar coma. Chronic complications occur due to a mix of microangiopathy, macrovascular disease and immune dysfunction in the form of poor immune response, most of which are difficult to manage. Microangiopathy can affect all vital organs, kidneys, heart and brain as well as eyes, nerves, lungs and locally gums and feet. Macrovascular problems can lead to cardiovascular disease including Erectile dysfunction and female infertility.

Other health problems compound the chronic complications of diabetes such as smoking, obesity, high blood pressure, elevated cholesterol levels and lack of regular exercise.

If you have diabetes, nerve damage, circulation problems, and infections can lead to serious foot problems. Managing your diabetes and maintaining a healthy lifestyle helps keep your feet healthy.

This should include:
• regular medical exams, including foot checks at every visit and checking your ABCs (A1c, blood pressure, and cholesterol)
• monitoring your blood sugar daily
• regular exercise
• eating a balanced diet rich in • fruits and vegetables

Daily foot care:
Here are a few foot care habits you can adopt and try to do every day.
1. Inspect your feet
Contact your doctor immediately if you discover any sores, redness, cuts, blisters, or bruises.
2. Wash your feet
Wash your feet every day in warm water with mild soap.
3. Dry your feet
Pat your feet to dry them and make sure to dry well. Infections tend to develop in moist areas, so make sure you dry the area between your toes well.
4. Moisturize dry skin
If the skin on your feet feels rough or dry, use lotion or oil. Do not use lotion between your toes.

Healthy foot habits
Following good foot care habits will go a long way toward keeping your feet healthy. Here are a few helpful tips.
• Antiseptic solutions can burn your skin. Never use them on your feet without your doctor’s approval.
• Never use a heating pad, hot water bottle, or electric blanket on your feet.
• Avoid walking barefoot. Most people know to avoid hot pavement or sandy beaches, but even walking barefoot around the house can cause sores or injuries that can get infected.
• Protect your feet from heat and cold.
• Never attempt to remove corns, calluses, warts, or other foot lesions yourself. Don’t use chemical wart removers, razor blades, corn plasters, or liquid corn or callus removers. See your doctor or podiatrist.
• Don’t sit with your legs crossed or stand in one position for long periods of time.

Centre follows National Diabetes Prevention Program guidelines
• Lifestyle Modification.
• Regular metformin.
• Weight loss to maintain normal weight according to height.
• To maintain normal blood pressure.
• To maintain normal Lipid profile and blood sugar.
• Daily 45 minutes brisk walk.
• Regular blood sugar monitoring and quarterly HbA1c check.
• Motivate to quit smoking.
• Quit / Reduce Alcohol
• Yoga, Meditation & Exercise.
• Regular follow up with Diabetologist.